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Introduction of Human Science (Anatomy & Physiology)

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Learning objectives

Introduction of Anatomy & Physiology includes Medical Basics.
Interesting Points:
  • Total No.of Basic Atoms = 4
  • Total No.of Cells in human body = 37.2 trillion
  • Total No.of Types of tissues = 4
  • Total No.of Organs=78
  • Total No.of Systems= 12
  • Total of Vital Organs=4

Nursing Course begins with “Human Science” (Anatomy & Physiology). Basic knowledge of nursing profession should get with anatomy and physiology subject.

  • Anatomy : It means “Study of Human body structure” and related science.
  • Physiology : It means “Study of human body function” and related science.
  • There are six levels of “Structural organization (Anatomy) of human body, they are:
    • Chemical level : Atoms (Smallest chemical unit) Molecules (Combines chemical unit). Atoms examples are C, H, O, N (Carbon , Hydrogen , Oxygen , Nitrogen) and Molecules are CO2, O2 , H2O, CHON (Protein).
    • Cellular level : Many molecules combined together and form cells, which is known as structural and functional unit of an organism like human.
    • Tissue level : Group of similar cells work together to perform a particular function called tissue.
    • Organ level : Different tissue joined together and form a shape with specific function called organ.
    • System level : Union of related organ with a common function called system.
    • Whole body level : All parts/system work together and constitute whole body.
  • Following six “Basic life process (Physiology)” differentiate an organism from living to non living things, they are :
    • Metabolism : It is the sum of all chemical process that occurs into a body. It has two process , one is catabolism (breaking complex molecule into simple) and another is anabolism (formation of complex molecule from simple molecule).
    • Responsiveness : Ability to detect change and respond to that change.
    • Movements
    • Growth
    • Differentiation
    • Reproduction
  • Stopping of any above process result into death of cell and tissue which result into death of body.
Medical Basics:
  • Anatomical Planes and Section : Hypothetical plane used to transect the body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.
  • There are three types of plane and section.
    1. Sagittal plane : A vertical plane or section that divide the body or an organ into right and left side.
    2. Frontal or coronal plane : A plane or section that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior part.
    3. Transverse plane or cross-sectional or horizontal plane : A plane or section that divide the body or an organ into superior and inferior portion.
  • Anatomical Position :
    • Cranial position : Refers to features closer to the “Head”.
    • Caudal position: Refers to features closer to the “feet”.
    • Anterior : The “front” of the body is referred to as anterior or ventral.
    • Posterior: the “back” is referred to as posterior or dorsal.
    • Proximal & Distal position: Describe relative position on the limbs. Proximal refers to a feature that is closer to the “torso(Near)”, while distal refers to a feature that is closer to the fingers/toes(Far).
    • Medial & lateral position: Refer to position relative to the midline, which is a vertical line drawn through the center of the forehead, down through the belly button to the floor. Medial indicates a feature is closer to this line, while lateral indicates features further from this line.
  • Anatomical Cavity:
    • Abdominoplevic cavity: The ventral body chamber that contains the abdominal cavity (primarily digestive system) and the pelvic cavity (primarily reproductive system).
    • Dorsal cavity: The cavity in the back of the body that contains the cranial and vertebral cavities, which house the brain and spinal cord respectively.
    • Thoracic Cavity: The ventral body chamber that contains the pericardial cavity (the heart) and the pleural cavity (the lungs).
  • Regional Terms in Anatomy :
    • They are 2 portions
    • The Axial Region : Makes up the main axis of the human body and includes the head, neck, chest, and trunk.
    • The Appendicular :Region makes up the parts of the human body that connect to the axial region. This includes the limbs and appendages.
  • Differentiation Axis:
    • The Dorsoventral axis (DV axis) : It’s formed by the connection of the dorsal and ventral points of a region. The region between the belly (ventral) and back (dorsal) is often described by a DV axis.
    • The Anterioposterior axis (AP axis): It’s the axis formed by the connection of the anterior (top) and posterior (bottom) ends of a region. The AP axis of a region is by definition perpendicular to the DV axis and vice-versa.
    • The Left-to-right axis: It’s the axis connecting the left and right hand sides of a region. It is used to describe the lateral sides of a region, which in humans are often symmetrical around the center of the body. It is perpendicular to both the DV and AP axes.

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