Introduction of Anatomy & Physiology includes Medical Basics.
Interesting Points:
Total No.of Basic Atoms = 4
Total No.of Cells in human body = 37.2 trillion
Total No.of Types of tissues = 4
Total No.of Organs=78
Total No.of Systems= 12
Total of Vital Organs=4
Nursing Course begins with “Human Science” (Anatomy & Physiology). Basic knowledge of nursing profession should get with anatomy and physiology subject.
Anatomy : It means “Study of Human body structure” and related science.
Physiology : It means “Study of human body function” and related science.
There are six levels of “Structural organization (Anatomy) of human body, they are:
Chemical level : Atoms (Smallest chemical unit) Molecules (Combines chemical unit). Atoms examples are C, H, O, N (Carbon , Hydrogen , Oxygen , Nitrogen) and Molecules are CO2, O2 , H2O, CHON (Protein).
Cellular level : Many molecules combined together and form cells, which is known as structural and functional unit of an organism like human.
Tissue level : Group of similar cells work together to perform a particular function called tissue.
Organ level : Different tissue joined together and form a shape with specific function called organ.
System level : Union of related organ with a common function called system.
Whole body level : All parts/system work together and constitute whole body.
Following six “Basic life process (Physiology)” differentiate an organism from living to non living things, they are :
Metabolism : It is the sum of all chemical process that occurs into a body. It has two process , one is catabolism (breaking complex molecule into simple) and another is anabolism (formation of complex molecule from simple molecule).
Responsiveness : Ability to detect change and respond to that change.
Movements
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
Stopping of any above process result into death of cell and tissue which result into death of body.
Medical Basics:
Anatomical Planes and Section : Hypothetical plane used to transect the body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.
There are three types of plane and section.
Sagittal plane : A vertical plane or section that divide the body or an organ into right and left side.
Frontal or coronal plane : A plane or section that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior part.
Transverse plane or cross-sectional or horizontal plane : A plane or section that divide the body or an organ into superior and inferior portion.
Anatomical Position :
Cranial position : Refers to features closer to the “Head”.
Caudal position: Refers to features closer to the “feet”.
Anterior : The “front” of the body is referred to as anterior or ventral.
Posterior: the “back” is referred to as posterior or dorsal.
Proximal & Distal position: Describe relative position on the limbs. Proximal refers to a feature that is closer to the “torso(Near)”, while distal refers to a feature that is closer to the fingers/toes(Far).
Medial & lateral position: Refer to position relative to the midline, which is a vertical line drawn through the center of the forehead, down through the belly button to the floor. Medial indicates a feature is closer to this line, while lateral indicates features further from this line.
Anatomical Cavity:
Abdominoplevic cavity: The ventral body chamber that contains the abdominal cavity (primarily digestive system) and the pelvic cavity (primarily reproductive system).
Dorsal cavity: The cavity in the back of the body that contains the cranial and vertebral cavities, which house the brain and spinal cord respectively.
Thoracic Cavity: The ventral body chamber that contains the pericardial cavity (the heart) and the pleural cavity (the lungs).
Regional Terms in Anatomy :
They are 2 portions
The Axial Region: Makes up the main axis of the human body and includes the head, neck, chest, and trunk.
The Appendicular :Region makes up the parts of the human body that connect to the axial region. This includes the limbs and appendages.
Differentiation Axis:
The Dorsoventral axis (DV axis): It’s formed by the connection of the dorsal and ventral points of a region. The region between the belly (ventral) and back (dorsal) is often described by a DV axis.
The Anterioposterior axis (AP axis): It’s the axis formed by the connection of the anterior (top) and posterior (bottom) ends of a region. The AP axis of a region is by definition perpendicular to the DV axis and vice-versa.
The Left-to-right axis: It’s the axis connecting the left and right hand sides of a region. It is used to describe the lateral sides of a region, which in humans are often symmetrical around the center of the body. It is perpendicular to both the DV and AP axes.